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ABSTRACT Monitoring body temperature of newly received cattle allows for identification of fever episodes not visually detected by feedlot personnel (FENO). Information concerning the occurrence, duration, and impact on performance of these FENO is not available in the literature. Such information is crucial to assess the potential benefit of the identification and treatment of FENO. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to describe the occurrence and duration of FENO and to evaluate their impact on ADG.
One hundred twelve beef bulls (initial BW = 346 ± 36 kg) were studied for 40 d after arrival at 3 French fattening operations. At d 1, each animal was administered orally a reticulo-rumen bolus, which allowed continuous measurement and recording of reticulo-rumen temperature. Animals were weighed on d 1 and 40.
Bulls were observed twice daily by personnel for visual signs of apparent disease. Bulls that appeared ill, had a rectal temperature ≥39.7°C, and demonstrated symptoms consistent with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were treated with antibiotics. After d 40, data obtained from the boluses were retrospectively analyzed using a cumulative sum test to detect significant increases in reticulo-rumen temperature considered as fever episodes. Numerous fever episodes (n = 449) were retrospectively detected in 110 bulls. Of these 449 fever episodes, 74% were not associated with any visually detected clinical signs of disease and thus were identified as FENO. These FENO were often transitory (75% lasted less than 47 h). However, 25% lasted from 47 to 263 h.
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Of the 112 bulls, 88 were treated for BRD with 20 and 7 animals treated, respectively, 2 and 3 times. In treated animals, fever episodes began 4 to 177 h (mean = 50 h) before BRD treatment. The duration of FENO was associated ( P = 0.002) with a lesser ADG (d 1 to 40): −33 g/d for daily FENO duration. Our results demonstrated that FENO occurred frequently in bulls during the first weeks after entrance into a fattening operation and can last up to 11 d. The impact of FENO observed on ADG in this study indicated a potential benefit of treating affected animals, specifically those with FENO of long duration. However, further research is needed to determine the medical and economic relevance of such treatment. INTRODUCTION Bovine respiratory disease ( BRD), also referred to as shipping fever, continues to be one of the most economically significant health problems in cattle entering fattening operations ().
Bovine respiratory disease is commonly observed throughout the first weeks after arrival and accounts for 75 to 80% of overall illness cases during this period (; ). Detection of BRD in fattening operations is not always accurate (). Indeed, current methods for identifying cattle with BRD often rely on observation of clinical illness performed by owners or feedlot staff, which have shown both low sensitivity (62%) and low specificity (63%) to identify BRD (). To improve BRD detection, new tools such as reticulo-rumen temperature boluses and infrared thermography scans were developed, which allow identification of changes in core body temperature associated with adverse health events (;; ). In previous studies (; ), these tools enabled the early detection of fever episodes associated with apparent symptoms of BRD, such as labored breathing, coughing, decreased appetite, depression, nasal or ocular discharge.
Furthermore, they also facilitated identification of fever episodes that were not visually detected by feedlot personnel ( FENO). Limited information is available that describes the occurrence and duration of FENO and associated production consequences. Such information is nevertheless crucial to assess the potential benefit of the identification and treatment of FENO. Therefore, the objectives of this study were, first, to describe the occurrence and duration of FENO and, second, to evaluate their impact on the ADG of bulls in the feedlots.
To facilitate identification of FENO, the bulls in this study were equipped with reticulo-rumen temperature boluses. MATERIALS AND METHODS All procedures in the present experiment were performed in accordance with the European directive (86/609) and the French regulation and conform to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals ().